DNA Translation

Initiation:
- Initiator factors assemble small tRNA initiator and mRNA
-mRNA is transferred to the ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum once it is moved out of the nucleus
- Ribosomes are made up of two units: large and small subunits
- Large subunits join together to form an active ribosome
- The large subunit contains three sites: E, P, and A
- P site has tRNA with polypeptides attached to it, A site has tRNA with amino acid to be added to the polypeptide, and E site has uncharged tRNA with no amino acid attached
- tRNA moves in the A site and reads the mRNA sequence in threes (codon) starting with AUG as the first codon

Elongation:
- Polypeptides become longer, one amino acid at a time
- tRNA contains anticodon that binds with these codons
- Each tRNA carries a peptide that when binded with the codon, it moves to the P site and picks up all of the other peptides from the previous tRNA in the P site. The previous tRNA moves to the E site and exits the ribosome.
- This creates a chain of peptides called polypeptide
- There are 64 combination of 3 pairs for base sequences but only 20 amino acids. This is due to the wobble effect making every amino acid responsible for 2-3 different base sequences and  decreasing the chance of mutation

Termination:
- Stop codon on mRNA is reached
- There are 3 base sequences that signal a stop codon for the polypeptide chain
- tRNA that carry the anticodons move into the A site and are the last tRNA to move in before translation stops
- Once translation stops, the ribosome breaks up and everything attached to it breaks off with the end result of a polypeptide chain and later on protein